Soaring Freight Costs Make Japan’s Crude Imports the World’s Most Expensive

Oil is increasingly getting more expensive before it even reaches a refinery. Freight now accounts for roughly a fifth of the cost of a crude cargo, turning the tanker market into a major driver of the price buyers pay. At the center of the squeeze is the very large crude carrier, or VLCC, the supertanker that can move about 2 million barrels in a single voyage. Amidst stranded Gulf and Red Sea supplies, these vessels are spending more time at sea as refiners search farther afield for supplies.

For instance, Indian buyers are now reaching into…

Refining & Products Context

Downstream margins — or crack spreads — have experienced considerable volatility as refinery operators navigate feedstock cost fluctuations, product demand seasonality, and evolving fuel specifications. Gasoline and distillate margins serve as key profitability levers for integrated refiners.

Refinery utilization rates, particularly in the U.S. Gulf Coast and Northwest European hubs, directly influence product availability and pricing. Unplanned outages, scheduled turnarounds, and weather-related disruptions are recurring factors that tighten regional product supply.

What to Watch

Key metrics to watch include refinery utilization rates, weekly distillate inventory builds or draws, and crack spread movements, which serve as real-time indicators of refining profitability across major processing hubs.